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Where our numbers come from

Sources

Every statistic on this site links to one of these sources. Numbers match the superscripts you see next to each fact.

  1. World Economic Forum & McKinsey Health Institute, Closing the Women's Health Gap: A $1 Trillion Opportunity to Improve Lives and Economies, January 17, 2024. weforum.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  2. World Health Organization, Depressive disorder (depression) — fact sheet. who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  3. World Health Organization, Violence against women — fact sheet (2023 estimates). who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  4. World Health Organization, Maternal mortality — fact sheet, April 7, 2025. who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  5. World Health Organization, Endometriosis — fact sheet. who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About Women and Heart Disease. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  7. UN Women & UN DESA, Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The Gender Snapshot 2025, September 15, 2025. unwomen.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  8. UN Women & UN DESA, The Gender Snapshot 2026 (launch release), September 17, 2026. un.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  9. NIH Office of Research on Women's Health, History of Women's Participation in Clinical Research. orwh.od.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  10. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), National Maternal Mental Health Hotline. mchb.hrsa.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  11. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. samhsa.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  12. National Domestic Violence Hotline, The Hotline. thehotline.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Symptoms of Depression Among Women. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pregnancy-Related Deaths: Data from Maternal Mortality Review Committees (archived dashboard), August 22, 2025. archive.cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  15. National Institute of Mental Health, Any Anxiety Disorder. nimh.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  16. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, National Center for PTSD, How Common Is PTSD in Adults?. ptsd.va.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mental Health and Suicide Risks (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System), August 14, 2026. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  18. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2025 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables (Table 6.21B), July 27, 2026. samhsa.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  19. National Institute of Mental Health, Eating Disorders (Statistics). nimh.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  20. Journal of Affective Disorders (peer-reviewed), The prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis, January 8, 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  21. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Drug Safety: Most Drugs Withdrawn in Recent Years Had Greater Health Risks for Women (GAO-01-286R), January 19, 2001. gao.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About Stalking. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  23. UN Women & United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Femicides in 2024: Global estimates of intimate partner/family member femicides. unwomen.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  24. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey — 2025 Results, June 25, 2026. bls.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  25. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Highlights of women's earnings in 2024 (Report 1117). bls.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  26. United Nations Children's Fund, International Day of the Girl. unicef.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  27. World Health Organization, Female genital mutilation — fact sheet, January 31, 2025. who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  28. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Title VII Sexual Harassment Charge Receipts and Resolutions, FY 2010 – FY 2025 (Table E2c). eeoc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  29. Postpartum Support International, Postpartum Support International HelpLine. postpartum.net Checked September 24, 2026.
  30. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, SAMHSA's National Helpline. samhsa.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  31. Crisis Text Line, Crisis Text Line. crisistextline.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  32. love is respect, Get relationship help. loveisrespect.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  33. StrongHearts Native Helpline, StrongHearts Native Helpline. strongheartshelpline.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  34. Veterans Crisis Line (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs), Veterans Crisis Line. veteranscrisisline.net Checked September 24, 2026.
  35. 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (#BeThe1To), #BeThe1To: 5 Action Steps. bethe1to.com Checked September 24, 2026.
  36. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, The 10 Questions You Should Know. ahrq.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  37. National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration Guideline for the Study and Evaluation of Gender Differences in the Clinical Evaluation of Drugs (NIH Guide, Vol. 22, No. 31), August 27, 1993. grants.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  38. National Institutes of Health, Monitoring Adherence to the NIH Policy on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research: Comprehensive Report (FY 2008 and FY 2009). report.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  39. Journal of General Internal Medicine (peer-reviewed), Accelerating Generation and Impacts of Research Evidence to Improve Women Veterans' Health and Health Care, August 30, 2022. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  40. National Institutes of Health, NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research. grants.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Evaluation of Sex Differences in Clinical Investigations: Guidance for Industry. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  42. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA requires lower recommended doses for certain drugs containing zolpidem, January 10, 2013. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  43. National Institutes of Health, Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in NIH-funded Research (NOT-OD-15-102), June 9, 2015. grants.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  44. PHQ Screeners (Drs. Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B.W. Williams, Kurt Kroenke and colleagues), Instruction Manual: Instructions for Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and GAD-7 Measures. phqscreeners.com Checked September 24, 2026.
  45. Journal of General Internal Medicine (peer-reviewed), The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure (Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001), September 1, 2001. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  46. PHQ Screeners (Drs. Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B.W. Williams, Kurt Kroenke and colleagues), GAD-7 (English). phqscreeners.com Checked September 24, 2026.
  47. British Journal of Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (Cox, Holden & Sagovsky, 1987). doi.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  48. Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). hfs.illinois.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Data and Statistics on ADHD, July 8, 2026. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (MMWR), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis, Treatment, and Telehealth Use in Adults — National Center for Health Statistics Rapid Surveys System, United States, October–November 2023, October 10, 2024. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (MMWR), Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022, April 17, 2025. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  52. National Institute of Mental Health, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). nimh.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  53. National Institute of Mental Health, ADHD in Adults: 4 Things to Know. nimh.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  54. National Institute of Mental Health, Autism Spectrum Disorder. nimh.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  55. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, April 5, 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  56. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (peer-reviewed), "Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions, August 1, 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  57. Autism (peer-reviewed), Gender differences in self-reported camouflaging in autistic and non-autistic adults, July 18, 2019. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  58. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (peer-reviewed), Sex differences in the timing of identification among children and adults with autism spectrum disorders, May 1, 2013. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  59. Journal of Attention Disorders (peer-reviewed), A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD, January 1, 2002. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  60. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders (peer-reviewed), A review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women and girls: uncovering this hidden diagnosis, October 13, 2014. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  61. BMC Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Females with ADHD: An expert consensus statement taking a lifespan approach providing guidance for the identification and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls and women, August 12, 2020. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  62. Psychological Medicine (peer-reviewed), Anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis, September 4, 2018. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  63. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Sex/gender differences and autism: setting the scene for future research, October 16, 2014. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  64. JAMA Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Association of Hormonal Contraception With Depression, November 1, 2016. jamanetwork.com Checked September 24, 2026.
  65. American Journal of Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Association of Hormonal Contraception With Suicide Attempts and Suicides, November 17, 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  66. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences (peer-reviewed), Population-based cohort study of oral contraceptive use and risk of depression, June 12, 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  67. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (peer-reviewed), Association of oral contraceptives with depression symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment in healthy women: A meta-analysis, April 22, 2026. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  68. Contraception (peer-reviewed), The relationship between progestin hormonal contraception and depression: a systematic review, February 26, 2018. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  69. Annals of Epidemiology (peer-reviewed), Oral contraceptive use and depression among adolescents, October 13, 2018. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  70. Fertility and Sterility (peer-reviewed), A first-choice combined oral contraceptive influences general well-being in healthy women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, April 19, 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  71. European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care (peer-reviewed), Ongoing or previous mental disorders predispose to adverse mood reporting during combined oral contraceptive use, January 11, 2018. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  72. Contraception (peer-reviewed; CDC authors), Safety of hormonal contraception and intrauterine devices among women with depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review, June 27, 2016. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  73. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (MMWR Recommendations and Reports), U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2024, August 8, 2024. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  74. National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15–49: United States, 2017–2019 (NCHS Data Brief No. 388). cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  75. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Breast Cancer: Screening — Final Recommendation Statement, April 30, 2024. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  76. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Code of Federal Regulations, via eCFR), 21 CFR 900.12 — Quality standards (Mammography Quality Standards Act regulations). ecfr.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  77. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Important Information: Final Rule to Amend the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA). fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  78. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Understanding Breast Density. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  79. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Breast Cancer Statistics. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dense Breasts. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  81. World Health Organization, Cervical cancer — fact sheet. who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  82. National Cancer Institute (NIH), HPV and Cancer, May 9, 2025. cancer.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  83. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Cervical Cancer: Screening — Final Recommendation Statement (2018), August 21, 2018. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  84. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Cervical Cancer: Screening — Draft Recommendation Statement, December 10, 2024. uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  85. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Roundup: May 17, 2024, May 17, 2024. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  86. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, De Novo classification order DEN240045: Teal Wand, May 9, 2025. accessdata.fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  87. National Cancer Institute (NIH), FDA Approves HPV Tests That Allow for Self-Collection in a Health Care Setting (Cancer Currents blog), July 24, 2024. cancer.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  88. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease (peer-reviewed), Self-Collected Vaginal Specimens for HPV Testing: Recommendations From the Enduring Consensus Cervical Cancer Screening and Management Guidelines Committee (Wentzensen et al.), February 21, 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  89. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (peer-reviewed; American Cancer Society guideline), Self-collected vaginal specimens for human papillomavirus testing and guidance on screening exit: An update to the American Cancer Society cervical cancer screening guideline (Perkins et al.), December 4, 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  90. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, HPV Vaccine. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  91. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Acts on Presidential Memorandum to Update Childhood Immunization Schedule, January 5, 2026. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  92. National Institute of Mental Health, Eating Disorders: What You Need to Know. nimh.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  93. National Institute of Mental Health, Eating Disorders. nimh.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  94. BMC Medicine (peer-reviewed), Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of eating disorders amongst women in mid-life: a population-based study of diagnoses and risk factors, January 17, 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  95. International Journal of Eating Disorders (peer-reviewed), Eating disorder symptoms and weight and shape concerns in a large web-based convenience sample of women ages 50 and above: results of the Gender and Body Image (GABI) study, June 21, 2012. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  96. Current Opinion in Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Epidemiology and treatment of eating disorders in men and women of middle and older age, November 1, 2017. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  97. Current Opinion in Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Update on the epidemiology and treatment of eating disorders among older people, July 19, 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  98. Maturitas (peer-reviewed), Eating disorders in midlife women: A perimenopausal eating disorder?, January 7, 2016. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  99. Archives of General Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies, July 1, 2011. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  100. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, Eating Disorders Helpline. anad.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  101. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), About Endometriosis. nichd.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  102. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), What are the symptoms of endometriosis?. nichd.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  103. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), How do healthcare providers diagnose endometriosis?. nichd.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  104. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Endometriosis (FAQ013). acog.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  105. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (peer-reviewed), Time to Diagnose Endometriosis: Current Status, Challenges and Regional Characteristics — A Systematic Literature Review (De Corte et al.), October 7, 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  106. Obstetrics & Gynecology (peer-reviewed), Barriers to a Timely Diagnosis of Endometriosis: A Qualitative Systematic Review (Davenport et al.), July 13, 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  107. Frontiers in Medicine (peer-reviewed), Factors contributing to the delayed diagnosis of endometriosis — a systematic review and meta-analysis (Li et al.), July 22, 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  108. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2024 (Health E-Stat 113, March 2026). cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  109. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, About the Data: MMRIA (Data from Maternal Mortality Review Committees in 46 U.S. States, 2021; archived page), August 22, 2025. archive.cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  110. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hear Her: Urgent Maternal Warning Signs, May 15, 2024. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  111. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hear Her Campaign. cdc.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  112. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Maternal Health: Availability of Hospital-Based Obstetric Care in Rural Areas (GAO-23-105515), October 19, 2022. gao.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  113. March of Dimes, Nowhere to Go: Maternity Care Deserts Across the U.S. (2026 Report). marchofdimes.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  114. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG Committee Opinion No. 736: Optimizing Postpartum Care (Obstet Gynecol, May 2018). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  115. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Hormone Therapy for Menopause (patient FAQ), October 1, 2021. acog.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  116. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH), Women's Health Initiative (WHI). nhlbi.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  117. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NIH), Researchers review findings and clinical messages from the Women's Health Initiative 30 years after launch, May 1, 2024. nhlbi.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  118. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators, JAMA, Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial, July 17, 2002. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  119. Manson JE et al., JAMA, Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials, October 2, 2013. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  120. Manson JE et al., JAMA, The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials and Clinical Practice: A Review, May 28, 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  121. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HHS Advances Women's Health, Removes Misleading FDA Warnings on Hormone Replacement Therapy, November 10, 2025. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  122. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Requests Labeling Changes Related to Safety Information to Clarify the Benefit/Risk Considerations for Menopausal Hormone Therapies, November 10, 2025. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  123. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Approves Labeling Changes to Menopausal Hormone Therapy Products, February 12, 2026. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  124. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Hormone Replacement Therapies Can Help Women with Bothersome Menopausal Symptoms (Consumer Update), February 13, 2026. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  125. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, BIJUVA (estradiol and progesterone) capsules: prescribing information, revised February 2026, February 1, 2026. accessdata.fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  126. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, DIVIGEL (estradiol gel): prescribing information, revised February 2026, February 1, 2026. accessdata.fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  127. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Women's Health, Menopause, October 15, 2024. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  128. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA Approves Novel Drug to Treat Moderate to Severe Hot Flashes Caused by Menopause, May 12, 2023. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  129. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA adds warning about rare occurrence of serious liver injury with use of Veozah (fezolinetant) for hot flashes due to menopause, December 16, 2024. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  130. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Drug Trials Snapshots: LYNKUET, October 24, 2025. fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  131. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, LYNKUET (elinzanetant) capsules: prescribing information, October 24, 2025. accessdata.fda.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  132. The Menopause Society, The Menopause Society Comments on the FDA Announcement on Hormone Therapy, November 10, 2025. menopause.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  133. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG President Says Label Change on Estrogen Will Increase Access to Hormone Therapy, November 10, 2025. acog.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  134. Pleasant V, Ring K, JAMA, What Systemic Hormone Therapy Black Box Removal Means for Breast Cancer Survivors, March 3, 2026. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  135. World Health Organization, Polycystic ovary syndrome — fact sheet. who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  136. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (peer-reviewed; co-published in Human Reproduction, European Journal of Endocrinology, and Fertility and Sterility), Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Teede et al.), August 14, 2023. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  137. The Lancet (peer-reviewed), Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process (Teede et al.), May 12, 2026. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  138. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Renaming PCOS to Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS): Still an Impediment to Progress (Dunaif & Ehrmann), August 31, 2026. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  139. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), About Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). nichd.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  140. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NIH), What are the symptoms of PCOS?. nichd.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  141. National Institute on Aging (NIH), What Is Menopause?, October 16, 2024. nia.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  142. World Health Organization, Menopause — fact sheet, October 16, 2024. who.int Checked September 24, 2026.
  143. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, The Menopause Years (patient FAQ). acog.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  144. National Institute on Aging (NIH), Hot Flashes: What Can I Do?, September 30, 2021. nia.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  145. National Institute on Aging (NIH), Sleep Problems and Menopause: What Can I Do?, September 30, 2021. nia.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  146. The North American Menopause Society and the National Network of Depression Centers (Maki PM et al., Menopause), Guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of perimenopausal depression: summary and recommendations, October 1, 2018. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  147. Bromberger JT et al., Psychological Medicine, Major depression during and after the menopausal transition: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), February 9, 2011. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  148. Cohen LS et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles, April 1, 2006. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  149. Badawy Y et al., Journal of Affective Disorders, The risk of depression in the menopausal stages: A systematic review and meta-analysis, April 18, 2024. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  150. Schmidt PJ et al., JAMA Psychiatry, Effects of Estradiol Withdrawal on Mood in Women With Past Perimenopausal Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial, July 1, 2015. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  151. Bromberger JT et al., Menopause, Does risk for anxiety increase during the menopausal transition? Study of women's health across the nation, May 1, 2013. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  152. Avis NE et al., JAMA Internal Medicine, Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition, April 1, 2015. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  153. Kravitz HM et al., Sleep, Sleep disturbance during the menopausal transition in a multi-ethnic community sample of women, July 1, 2008. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  154. Kling JM et al., Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Menopause Management Knowledge in Postgraduate Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Obstetrics and Gynecology Residents: A Cross-Sectional Survey, February 1, 2019. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  155. The North American Menopause Society (now The Menopause Society), Menopause, The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society, July 1, 2022. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  156. The North American Menopause Society (now The Menopause Society), Menopause, The 2023 nonhormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society, June 1, 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  157. Office on Women's Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). womenshealth.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  158. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (Medical Encyclopedia). medlineplus.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  159. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) (FAQ). acog.org Checked September 24, 2026.
  160. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Obstetrics & Gynecology, Management of Premenstrual Disorders: ACOG Clinical Practice Guideline No. 7, December 1, 2023. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
  161. American Journal of Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a new category for DSM-5. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
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  163. American Journal of Psychiatry (peer-reviewed), Differential Effects of Ovarian Steroids in Women With and Without Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: A Replication and Extension of Findings, October 1, 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Checked September 24, 2026.
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